屠新泉：开放合作，何以拓宽发展机遇共享路径
“十四五”时期是我国开启全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程、向第二个百年奋斗目标进军的第一个五年。回顾这五年，世界百年未有之大变局加速演进，全球进入新的动荡变革期。作为深度融入世界经济体系的中国开放型经济，面对复杂局面，迎难而上，顶住了惊涛骇浪冲击、经受住了重大风险考验，取得新的开创性进展。
过去这五年，经济全球化面临前所未有的严峻挑战。曾经，经济全球化以其无与伦比的活力，推动了商品、资本、技术、人才在全球范围内的自由流动，极大地促进了世界经济的繁荣与发展。然而，全球产业竞争加剧，与此同时，地缘政治冲突频发、贸易保护主义与单边主义抬头等，更如同一股股逆流，冲击着国际经济合作的基石。
面对极端复杂、严峻的外部环境，我国上下同心协力，持续扩大高水平对外开放，不断提高我国国际竞争力，推动我国开放型经济建设达到新的高度。
第一，坚定推进高水平对外开放，以制度型开放为核心内容的自主开放和单边开放已经成为我国对外开放的重要形式。自贸试验区等制度型开放“试验田”不断开花结果。“十四五”时期，我国自贸试验区总数达22个，实现覆盖全国东南西北中的改革开放新格局，形成近200项制度创新成果；2024年自贸试验区外贸、外资占全国的比重分别达到19.6%、24.3%；2025年底，海南自贸港将实现全岛封关运作，进入制度型开放新阶段。
我国持续打造市场化、法治化、国际化一流营商环境，外资准入负面清单大幅缩减，制造业领域外资准入限制“清零”，高水平开放的双向快车道更加通畅。2021年至2025年5月，外商累计对华直接投资4.7万亿元，超过了“十三五”期间总额。“投资中国”品牌持续擦亮，引资结构不断优化。此外，我国宣布对所有建交的最不发达国家实行100%税目产品“零关税”，为全球贸易自由化和发展中国家的贸易发展作出重大贡献。
与此同时，我国在多边、区域、双边等多个层次为推进全球贸易治理体系改革提出了中国方案，作出了中国贡献。WTO《渔业补贴协定》生效、《投资便利化协定》完成谈判、《电子商务协定》谈判实质性结束，对这些进展，我国都作出了决定性的贡献。我国是2022年生效的《区域全面经济伙伴关系协定》（RCEP）这一世界最大自由贸易协定的关键参与方，我国还与多个国家商签或升级双边FTA。在反全球化逆流甚嚣尘上的今天，我国已经成为全球贸易自由化的重要引领者。
第二，坚决维护我国合法国际经贸利益。面对单边主义逆流和贸易霸凌举措，中国采取了一系列针对性措施以维护自身合法权益。
一方面，陆续推出不可靠实体清单、反歧视调查措施等政策手段，强化产业安全与出口管制机制，打造完整的出口管制体系，为反制行动提供有力的政策工具。另一方面，我国积极诉诸WTO争端解决机制，对美国“301调查”“232调查”和其他非法贸易限制措施提出起诉，为我国赢得国际舆论支持、增强反制措施的合理性提供了重要的法理支撑。
第三，参与国际大循环的成效显著，世界贸易和投资领先大国的地位更加稳固。我国积极参与国际分工，深度融入国际大循环，货物贸易规模从2020年的32.2万亿元增加到2024年的43.8万亿元，年均增长8.0%，货物贸易第一大国的地位更加稳固。“十四五”以来，我国新增和扩大开放口岸40个，累计总数达311个，基本形成水陆空立体化、东中西全方位口岸开放格局。服务贸易规模稳居世界第二，2024年首次突破1万亿美元，“中国游”“中国购”持续升温，旅行服务成为服务贸易增长最快的领域。
面对逆全球化愈演愈烈的复杂外部环境，我国坚持以开放促改革、促发展，引导企业深耕传统市场、拓展新兴市场，多元化贸易格局巩固拓展。今年前7个月，我国是166个国家和地区的前三大贸易伙伴，较去年同期增加了14个。与共建“一带一路”国家进出口比重由2020年的29.1%升至2024年的50.3%，“十四五”前四年与东盟、拉美、非洲、中亚等新兴市场进出口年均增长10%以上。2020年起，东盟取代欧盟成为我国第一大贸易伙伴。贸易多元化已经成为我国应对美国关税战和逆全球化的有力工具。
第四，对外开放和产业升级双向互动，开放与发展相互促进。我国外贸规模和竞争力的持续提升，最根本的还是来自于我国制造业产业升级和技术进步。“十四五”期间，我国创新能力取得突破性进展，供给侧能力得到历史性提升，解决了大部分的“卡脖子”问题。
截至今年6月，国内发明专利有效量达501万件，每万人口高价值发明专利拥有量达到15.3件。科技创新和产业创新深度融合，高质量科技供给加快从实验室走向生产线。目前，我国累计培育形成60多个新兴产业领域国家先进制造业集群。“十四五”以来，我国新增专精特新中小企业超过10万家。
正是在这种创新能力不断加强的基础上，我国传统产业焕新升级，新兴产业加速培育，制造业门类齐全优势更加明显，制造业结构更加优化。
2021—2024年规模以上高技术制造业增加值年均实际增长9.2%，制造业技术改造投资年均增长8.4%。2021—2024年制造业增加值年均实际增长5.4%，占全球比重接近30%，规模连续15年位居全球首位，200多种主要工业品产量世界第一。装备制造等长板优势日益凸显，重点领域短板加快补齐，关键核心技术不断取得突破，更多领域从量变到质变、从中低端到中高端、从追赶者到领跑者转变的步伐加快。规模以上装备制造业占规模以上工业增加值比重由2020年的33.7%升至2024年的34.6%，重点产业链自主可控水平持续提升。
“十四五”时期的五年是我国在中国式现代化道路上行稳致远的五年，坚持以发展为第一要务，坚持用好改革开放这个重要法宝，紧紧围绕中国式现代化全面深化改革开放，坚持以开放促改革、促发展，是我国经济社会发展的根本动力。展望“十五五”，我国即将进入基本实现社会主义现代化夯实基础、全面发力的关键时期。站在新的历史起点上，我国将继续坚定支持经济全球化和全球经济治理，积极发展与世界各国经贸往来，在开放条件下推进产业进步和经济发展，为世界经济发展作出更大贡献。（作者是对外经济贸易大学中国WTO研究院院长、教授）
译文：
Tu Xinquan: Open Cooperation, How to Expand Development Opportunities and Share Paths
The 14th Five Year Plan period is the first five years for China to embark on a new journey of comprehensively building a socialist modernized country and advancing towards the second centenary goal. Looking back on the past five years, the world has experienced unprecedented changes that have accelerated, and the world has entered a new period of turbulence and transformation. As an open economy deeply integrated into the world economic system, China has faced complex situations, risen to challenges, withstood the impact of storms and major risks, and achieved new groundbreaking progress.
In the past five years, economic globalization has faced unprecedented challenges. Once, economic globalization, with its unparalleled vitality, promoted the free flow of goods, capital, technology, and talent on a global scale, greatly promoting the prosperity and development of the world economy. However, the intensification of global industrial competition, coupled with frequent geopolitical conflicts, the rise of trade protectionism and unilateralism, is like a series of counter currents, impacting the cornerstone of international economic cooperation.
Faced with an extremely complex and severe external environment, China has worked together to continuously expand high-level opening-up, enhance its international competitiveness, and promote the construction of an open economy to new heights.
Firstly, we must firmly promote high-level opening-up to the outside world, and independent opening-up and unilateral opening-up with institutional opening-up as the core content have become important forms of China's opening-up to the outside world. Institutional open "test fields" such as pilot free trade zones continue to blossom and bear fruit. During the 14th Five Year Plan period, the total number of pilot free trade zones in China reached 22, achieving a new pattern of reform and opening up covering the southeast, northwest, and central regions of the country, and forming nearly 200 institutional innovation achievements; In 2024, the proportion of foreign trade and foreign investment in the pilot free trade zone in China will reach 19.6% and 24.3% respectively; By the end of 2025, Hainan Free Trade Port will achieve island wide closed operation and enter a new stage of institutional opening-up.
China continues to build a market-oriented, rule of law, and international first-class business environment. The negative list for foreign investment access has been significantly reduced, and restrictions on foreign investment access in the manufacturing industry have been cleared. The two-way fast track of high-level opening up has become more smooth. From 2021 to May 2025, foreign direct investment in China has accumulated 4.7 trillion yuan, exceeding the total amount during the 13th Five Year Plan period. The "Invest in China" brand continues to shine, and the investment structure is constantly optimized. In addition, China has announced the implementation of 100% tariff free products for all least developed countries that have established diplomatic relations, making significant contributions to global trade liberalization and the trade development of developing countries.
At the same time, China has put forward Chinese proposals and made contributions to promoting the reform of the global trade governance system at multiple levels such as multilateral, regional, and bilateral. China has made decisive contributions to the entry into force of the WTO Fisheries Subsidies Agreement, the completion of negotiations on the Investment Facilitation Agreement, and the substantial conclusion of negotiations on the Electronic Commerce Agreement. China is a key participant in the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), the world's largest free trade agreement that will come into effect in 2022. China has also negotiated or upgraded bilateral FTAs with multiple countries. In today's world where anti globalization is rampant, China has become an important leader in global trade liberalization.
Secondly, we must resolutely safeguard China's legitimate international economic and trade interests. In the face of unilateralism and trade bullying measures, China has taken a series of targeted measures to safeguard its legitimate rights and interests.
On the one hand, policy measures such as unreliable entity lists and anti discrimination investigation measures have been gradually introduced to strengthen industrial security and export control mechanisms, create a complete export control system, and provide powerful policy tools for countermeasures. On the other hand, China actively resorts to the WTO dispute settlement mechanism and has filed lawsuits against the US "301 investigation", "232 investigation" and other illegal trade restriction measures, providing important legal support for China to win international public opinion support and enhance the rationality of countermeasures.
Thirdly, significant achievements have been made in participating in the international circulation, and the position of a leading country in world trade and investment has become more stable. China actively participates in international division of labor and deeply integrates into the international circulation. The scale of goods trade has increased from 32.2 trillion yuan in 2020 to 43.8 trillion yuan in 2024, with an average annual growth rate of 8.0%. Its position as the largest country in goods trade has become more stable. Since the 14th Five Year Plan, China has added and expanded 40 new ports of opening, with a total of 311 ports, basically forming a three-dimensional pattern of water, land, and air, and a comprehensive port opening pattern in the east, west, central, and western regions. The scale of service trade remains the second largest in the world, breaking through 1 trillion US dollars for the first time in 2024. "China tourism" and "China purchases" continue to heat up, and travel services have become the fastest growing field of service trade.
Faced with the increasingly complex external environment of anti globalization, China insists on promoting reform and development through opening up, guiding enterprises to deeply cultivate traditional markets, expand emerging markets, and consolidate and expand diversified trade patterns. In the first seven months of this year, China was among the top three trading partners of 166 countries and regions, an increase of 14 compared to the same period last year. The proportion of imports and exports with countries jointly building the "the Belt and Road" has risen from 29.1% in 2020 to 50.3% in 2024. In the first four years of the "14th Five Year Plan", imports and exports with ASEAN, Latin America, Africa, Central Asia and other emerging markets have increased by more than 10% annually. Since 2020, ASEAN has replaced the European Union as China's largest trading partner. Diversification of trade has become a powerful tool for China to respond to the US tariff war and anti globalization.
Fourthly, there is a two-way interaction between opening up to the outside world and industrial upgrading, and opening up and development promote each other. The continuous improvement of China's foreign trade scale and competitiveness fundamentally comes from the upgrading of its manufacturing industry and technological progress. During the 14th Five Year Plan period, China's innovation capability made breakthrough progress, and the supply side capability was historically improved, solving most of the "bottleneck" problems.
As of June this year, the effective number of domestic invention patents reached 5.01 million, and the number of high-value invention patents per 10000 population reached 15.3. The deep integration of technological innovation and industrial innovation accelerates the transition of high-quality technology supply from laboratories to production lines. At present, China has cultivated and formed over 60 national advanced manufacturing clusters in emerging industries. Since the 14th Five Year Plan, China has added over 100000 specialized, refined, unique, and new small and medium-sized enterprises.
It is on the basis of continuously strengthening innovation capabilities that China's traditional industries are revitalized and upgraded, emerging industries are rapidly cultivated, the advantages of a complete range of manufacturing industries are more obvious, and the manufacturing structure is more optimized.
From 2021 to 2024, the average annual real growth rate of the added value of high-tech manufacturing industry above designated size is 9.2%, and the average annual growth rate of investment in technological transformation of manufacturing industry is 8.4%. From 2021 to 2024, the average annual real growth rate of the manufacturing industry's added value is 5.4%, accounting for nearly 30% of the global total. Its scale has ranked first in the world for 15 consecutive years, and its output of over 200 major industrial products is the world's largest. The advantages of equipment manufacturing and equal length plates are becoming increasingly prominent. Shortcomings in key areas are being accelerated, and breakthroughs are being made in key core technologies. The pace of transformation from quantity to quality, from mid to low end to mid to high end, and from pursuers to leaders is accelerating in more fields. The proportion of equipment manufacturing industry above designated size in the added value of industrial enterprises above designated size has increased from 33.7% in 2020 to 34.6% in 2024, and the independent and controllable level of key industrial chains continues to improve.
The five years during the "14th Five Year Plan" period are the five years that China has been steadily moving forward on the path of Chinese path to modernization. Adhering to development as the first priority, making good use of reform and opening up as an important magic weapon, deepening reform and opening up in an all-round way around Chinese path to modernization, and promoting reform and development through opening up are the fundamental driving force for China's economic and social development. Looking ahead to the 15th Five Year Plan, China is about to enter a critical period of consolidating the foundation and making comprehensive efforts to basically achieve socialist modernization. Standing at a new historical starting point, China will continue to firmly support economic globalization and global economic governance, actively develop economic and trade exchanges with countries around the world, promote industrial progress and economic development under open conditions, and make greater contributions to the development of the world economy. (The author is the Dean and Professor of the China WTO Research Institute at the University of International Business and Economics)