许庆红、林恒宇：跨国建“链”，中印尼合作韧性缩影
今年是中印尼建交75周年。印度尼西亚作为全球第四人口大国，同时也是东南亚最大的经济体，正在成为全球新能源汽车产业链的重要一环。印尼不仅拥有全球最丰富的镍矿资源，还是连接亚洲与太平洋市场的枢纽地带，这使它在新能源原材料生产和产业链布局中占据重要地位。
今年8月，云南大学“一带一路”研究院印尼调研组前往雅加达及周边产业园区开展第二期“海外中资企业与员工调查”。我们注意到，在印尼的中资企业正从电池产业链、整车制造以及人才本地化培养等全方位发力，它们在地化战略实践正在深刻塑造着印尼新能源产业乃至整个汽车市场的格局，成为中印尼合作的重要方向。
印尼境内丰富的镍矿储量为原料生产和加工制造提供了得天独厚的资源条件。早在21世纪初，中国的青山控股集团和江苏德龙镍业就出海印尼，逐步带动印尼当地镍矿产业和冶炼技术的发展，印尼在全球电池制造领域的话语权日渐凸显。今年6月，印尼总统普拉博沃宣布投资59亿美元打造东南亚首个动力电池全产业链项目——印尼动力电池生态系统项目，并称“愿与中国伙伴携手推动这一具有里程碑意义的战略项目”。印尼掌握的优质资源和先进冶炼技术，让中资企业在面临原材料价格波动、出口限制乃至全球矿产资源争夺中拥有相对主动的成本控制与供给保障能力。
在电池制造环节逐步站稳的同时，中资企业在整车生产和制造方面也取得明显突破。五菱汽车是较早进入印尼市场的中资整车企业，自2015年落地以来，五菱经历了与日系车企的激烈竞争，在2020年加快从传统燃油向电动制造转型后，五菱在新能源车型生产上取得突破，已带领17家中国产业链企业“走出去”，还开发超100家印尼本土供应商，形成较完整的产业配套。不仅如此，中资企业还积极与印度尼西亚大学、万隆理工学院以及国内吉林大学等高校开展校企合作和人才培养，通过技术培训、实习就业和专业知识讲座等内容加速人才落地和本地化融入。
目前，中国品牌在印尼新能源汽车市场已占据相当的份额。2025年上半年，比亚迪、小鹏、五菱等车企在印尼销售的新能源汽车合计超过2万辆。然而，从印尼汽车市场总体占有率来看，日本车企的市场占有率仍处于九成的主体地位。
总体而言，中资企业在印尼新能源汽车产业链的布局已超越单纯的产能输出和技术输出，逐步在镍矿、电池和整车制造环节形成相对完整的产业生态。从跨国建厂到跨国建“链”，中资企业为印尼市场带来更具竞争力的产品和大量就业机会，同时也让中国品牌在与日韩企业的竞争中展现出强劲的上升势头。随着印尼政策支持和市场需求的持续释放，中资企业应进一步重视合规经营，深化与政府、本地供应商的合作；积极履行企业社会责任、加强与工会和社区建立和谐关系；同时通过商协会建立行业自律规则，规避同行内部不当竞争。中国车企有望在印尼新能源汽车版图中实现更深层次的“嵌入式”成长，为中印尼“一带一路”合作注入新的活力。（作者分别是云南大学“一带一路”研究院、云南大学民族学与社会学学院副研究员，云南大学民族学与社会学学院硕士研究生）
译文：
Xu Qinghong and Lin Hengyu: Cross border construction of 'chains', a microcosm of the resilience of China Indonesia cooperation
This year marks the 75th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Indonesia. Indonesia, as the fourth most populous country in the world and the largest economy in Southeast Asia, is becoming an important part of the global new energy vehicle industry chain. Indonesia not only has the world's richest nickel ore resources, but also serves as a hub connecting the Asian and Pacific markets, which makes it occupy an important position in the production of new energy raw materials and industrial chain layout.
In August this year, the Indonesian research team of the "the Belt and Road" Research Institute of Yunnan University went to Jakarta and its surrounding industrial parks to carry out the second phase of the "Overseas Chinese Enterprises and Employees Survey". We have noticed that Chinese companies in Indonesia are making comprehensive efforts in the battery industry chain, vehicle manufacturing, and talent localization training. Their localization strategies are deeply shaping the pattern of Indonesia's new energy industry and even the entire automotive market, becoming an important direction for cooperation between China and Indonesia.
The abundant nickel ore reserves in Indonesia provide unique resource conditions for raw material production and processing manufacturing. As early as the beginning of the 21st century, China's Qingshan Holdings Group and Jiangsu Delong Nickel Industry went abroad to Indonesia, gradually driving the development of Indonesia's local nickel mining industry and smelting technology. Indonesia's voice in the global battery manufacturing field has become increasingly prominent. In June of this year, Indonesian President Prabowo announced an investment of 5.9 billion US dollars to build Southeast Asia's first power battery full industry chain project - the Indonesian Power Battery Ecosystem Project, and stated that he is willing to work with Chinese partners to promote this milestone strategic project. The high-quality resources and advanced smelting technology mastered by Indonesia enable Chinese enterprises to have relatively proactive cost control and supply guarantee capabilities in the face of fluctuations in raw material prices, export restrictions, and even global mineral resource competition.
While gradually establishing a foothold in the battery manufacturing process, Chinese enterprises have also made significant breakthroughs in vehicle production and manufacturing. Wuling Motors is one of the earliest Chinese vehicle companies to enter the Indonesian market. Since its establishment in 2015, Wuling has experienced fierce competition with Japanese car companies. After accelerating its transition from traditional fuel to electric manufacturing in 2020, Wuling has made breakthroughs in the production of new energy vehicle models, leading 17 Chinese industrial chain enterprises to "go global" and developing over 100 local Indonesian suppliers, forming a relatively complete industrial supporting system. Not only that, Chinese enterprises are also actively cooperating with universities such as the University of Indonesia, Bandung Institute of Technology, and Jilin University in China to carry out school enterprise cooperation and talent cultivation, accelerating the landing and localization of talents through technical training, internships, employment opportunities, and professional knowledge lectures.
At present, Chinese brands have occupied a considerable share in the Indonesian new energy vehicle market. In the first half of 2025, car companies such as BYD, Xiaopeng, and Wuling will sell a total of over 20000 new energy vehicles in Indonesia. However, in terms of overall market share in the Indonesian automotive market, Japanese car companies still hold a dominant position of 90%.
Overall, the layout of Chinese enterprises in the Indonesian new energy vehicle industry chain has gone beyond simple capacity output and technology output, gradually forming a relatively complete industrial ecosystem in nickel ore, battery, and vehicle manufacturing. From cross-border factory construction to cross-border chain building, Chinese enterprises have brought more competitive products and numerous employment opportunities to the Indonesian market, while also demonstrating strong upward momentum for Chinese brands in competition with Japanese and Korean companies. With the continuous release of policy support and market demand in Indonesia, Chinese enterprises should further attach importance to compliant operations and deepen cooperation with the government and local suppliers; Actively fulfilling corporate social responsibility, strengthening harmonious relationships with trade unions and communities; At the same time, establish industry self-discipline rules through business associations to avoid unfair competition within peers. Chinese auto companies are expected to achieve deeper "embedded" growth in Indonesia's new energy vehicle landscape, injecting new vitality into China Indonesia "the Belt and Road" cooperation. (The authors are respectively the associate researcher of the "the Belt and Road" Research Institute of Yunnan University, the College of Ethnology and Sociology of Yunnan University, and the master student of the College of Ethnology and Sociology of Yunnan University)